EUPress Collaborative Workshop: European Foreign Security and Defence Policy

This article is part of the Special Report EUPress Collaborative Workshop: Special Report.

This article was created by a group of Italian, Spanish, Polish, and Romanian students from partner schools participating in the EU-funded project EUPress. It represents the final outcome of the Collaborative Workshop, an international educational activity that brought together students from across Europe to collaborate in mixed editorial teams and produce journalistic content on major European issues.

The Collaborative Workshop was a key component of the EUPress project and simulated a real cross-border newsroom. Over the course of several weeks, students worked in international groups, each coordinated by two editors and supported by teachers and external experts. They developed articles based on shared editorial guidelines, conducted joint research, and collaborated online to produce a series of special reports, intended for publication and public dissemination.

The topic assigned was: “European Foreign Security and Defence Policy” — a complex and timely subject that has gained increasing relevance in the context of current global tensions, the war in Ukraine, the development of the EU’s strategic autonomy, and rising cybersecurity threats.

This article explores how the European Union and several of its member states — particularly Romania, Italy, Spain, and Poland — are aligning with and contributing to the EU’s foreign, security, and defence policy. The article examines topics such as the Strategic Compass, CSDP missions, PESCO, the European Defence Fund, and emerging initiatives like ReArm Europe. It also covers broader challenges including migration, terrorism, and cybersecurity, providing a comprehensive overview of how the EU is adapting its strategy in a rapidly evolving geopolitical context.

***

Introduction

Dear readers,

This brief introductory note aims to show you the creative genesis behind this article.

It all began with a wonderful Erasmus experience in the “heart” of the European Union: Ventotene! Here, we were given the opportunity to train on key topics such as the relationship between press freedom and journalism in European countries.

In this place, we were had the chance, through the EUpress staff, to fully engage in a 360-degree experience involving journalistic debates, source research, and the writing of short articles. This experience was, of course, enriched by a stunning natural landscape and the presence of students from various European countries, allowing us to learn about different cultures and search for a common language to communicate.

After this experience,we had to go back to what we learned during the Summer School and put it into practice through production works (this document is one such example). The participants were divided into five groups, each consisting of ten journalists and two editors (who wrote the introductory note of this report).

The theme assigned to us was “European Foreign, Security, and Defence Policy.” Therefore, our journalists dedicated their efforts to gathering information on related subtopics such as international security, terrorism, economics, warfare and cybersecurity. The also mentioned and explained the key organizations involved in managing these issues.

Now that you are familiar with the work behind this document, we are confident that you will appreciate it. We would like to thank everyone who contributed to its final development and wish you a

Pleasant read!

Giacomo Reale and Emma Tappeti (students editors)

***

TOPIC I: How some European countries are aligning with the European Defence Policy?

ROMANIA

As geopolitical tensions rise in Eastern Europe, Romania has emerged as a critical actor in strengthening EU defense initiatives. The country plays a key role in bolstering regional security, aligning with both European Union and NATO-led defense strategies. Its growing defense capabilities, cybersecurity efforts, and commitment to crisis management reinforce its position as a cornerstone of European security.

Romania’s Contribution to the Strategic Compass

The Strategic Compass is the EU’s comprehensive roadmap for security and defense, designed to enhance crisis management, resilience, and partnerships. Romania actively contributes to this initiative by modernizing its military capabilities, improving rapid response mechanisms, and strengthening EU-wide defense collaboration. The country participates in joint military exercises, intelligence-sharing agreements, and rapid deployment strategies to enhance operational effectiveness within the EU defense framework.

Participation in Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)

Romania plays a strategic role in PESCO, an initiative aimed at deepening defense collaboration among EU nations. Through this framework, Romania has committed to multiple defense projects, including:

• European Patrol Corvette (EPC) Project: Developing advanced multi-role naval vessels to improve European maritime security and counter hybrid threats in critical sea
• Military Mobility Project: Enhancing infrastructure and logistical networks to allow for rapid deployment of troops and equipment across Europe.
• Cyber Rapid Response Teams (CRRTs): Strengthening Romania’s cybersecurity resilience by contributing to EU-wide rapid response capabilities against cyber threats.

Engagement in the European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI)

In October 2022, Romania joined the European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI), a collaborative effort to develop an integrated air defense system. This initiative enhances Europe’s ability to counter aerial threats, including ballistic missiles, UAV incursions, and asymmetric warfare tactics. Romania’s participation ensures access to cutting-edge missile defense technology, integrated radar systems, and joint air policing capabilities.

Cyber Defense and Hybrid Threat Management

Romania is at the forefront of European cybersecurity and hybrid threat management, contributing significantly to:

• Joint Cyber Unit (JCU): An EU initiative that strengthens cyber defense coordination, cyber threat intelligence sharing, and response strategies.
• Countering Russian Disinformation: Romania actively works alongside the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats to combat Russian-led propaganda, influence operations, and election interference.
• Advanced AI-Driven Cyber Defense: Developing artificial intelligence solutions to detect and neutralize cyber threats, enhancing Romania’s digital resilience against state-sponsored cyber attacks.

Modernization of Military Logistics and Smart Border Control

Romania is heavily investing in military logistics and smart border security to align with EU defense priorities. Key modernization efforts include:

• Advanced Surveillance and Reconnaissance Systems: Deployment of drone-based monitoring systems along Romania’s eastern border to detect unauthorized incursions.
• AI-Driven Border Control: Implementation of machine-learning algorithms to improve migration tracking, threat assessment, and border security management.
• Upgraded Military Infrastructure: Enhancements to transportation corridors, rail networks, and military bases to ensure seamless troop movements within the EU and NATO

Alignment with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

Romania aligns its defense policies with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, ensuring that military operations adhere to ethical, legal, and humanitarian standards. This commitment includes:

• Human Rights Protection in Military Operations: Training Romanian forces on the laws of armed conflict and humanitarian intervention.
• Accountability in Security Missions: Implementing oversight mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability in defense engagements.

Romania’s Role in Refugee Protection

Given ongoing regional conflicts, Romania plays a critical humanitarian role in managing refugee movements, particularly in response to the Ukraine crisis. Romania’s contributions include:

• Cooperation with EU Agencies: Working with Frontex and UNHCR to provide safe transit routes and humanitarian assistance.
• Establishment of Refugee Reception Centers: Creating facilities that offer housing, healthcare, and integration services for displaced populations.
• Legal Support for Refugees: Assisting asylum seekers with legal procedures and documentation to ensure compliance with international humanitarian law.

Green Defence Strategy and Sustainable Military Initiatives

Romania is a key player in the EU’s Green Defence Strategy, which promotes sustainability in military operations. The country is actively involved in:

• Development of Low-Emission Military Vehicles: Collaborating with European defense industries to manufacture hybrid and electric-powered armored vehicles.
• Sustainable Defense Facilities: Modernizing military bases with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce carbon footprints.
• Eco-Friendly Training Programs: Integrating sustainability into military exercises, focusing on energy-efficient logistics and environmentally responsible operations.

Strategic NATO Partnerships and the Expansion of the Mihail Kogălniceanu Airbase

In addition to its EU commitments, Romania is strengthening its role within NATO, particularly through the expansion of the Mihail Kogălniceanu Airbase. This transformation includes:

• Increased NATO Troop Presence: Hosting multinational battlegroups to deter potential threats in the Black Sea region.
• Deployment of Advanced Aircraft: Accommodating F-35s, Eurofighters, and AWACS surveillance planes to reinforce air superiority in Eastern Europe.
• Integrated Missile Defense Systems: Hosting NATO’s Aegis Ashore missile defense system at Deveselu, which plays a vital role in European security architecture.

The Three Seas Initiative and Regional Security

Romania is a founding member of the Three Seas Initiative, which focuses on improving economic, infrastructure, and security cooperation across Central and Eastern Europe. Security benefits include:

• Military Mobility Improvements: Enhancing road and rail networks to facilitate rapid troop deployment.
• Energy Security Strengthening: Reducing dependence on Russian energy by developing alternative energy supply routes.
• Cybersecurity Cooperation: Strengthening digital resilience among member states through collaborative cyber defense initiatives.

Participation in the EUFOR Crisis Response Core

Romania plays an active role in the EUFOR Crisis Response Core, contributing personnel and resources to European peacekeeping and rapid intervention missions. Key contributions include:

• Military Deployments in Conflict Zones: Supporting stabilization missions in the Balkans and Africa.
• Humanitarian and Disaster Relief Operations: Providing logistical support and medical aid in crisis-stricken regions.

Defense Budget and Military Expenditure

Romania continues to increase its defense spending in alignment with NATO guidelines. In 2023, Romania’s military expenditure reached $6.2 billion, marking a significant increase from previous years. The budget focuses on:

• Modernizing Military Equipment: Acquisition of Abrams tanks, HIMARS systems, and Bayraktar drones.
• Enhancing Cyber Defense Capabilities: Expanding national cybersecurity centers and AI-driven defense mechanisms.

Conclusion

By integrating EU and NATO-led defense strategies, Romania is reinforcing its role as a pillar of security in Eastern Europe and a key contributor to collective defense efforts. Its commitment to military modernization, cybersecurity, humanitarian aid, and strategic alliances positions it as a leader in European security and crisis management.

SPAIN

Spain aligns itself with European defense policy by promoting cooperation within the European Union (EU) and supporting initiatives such as the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) and the European Defense Fund (EDF). The country actively participates in missions and operations under the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), seeking to strengthen Europe’s strategic autonomy without compromising its alliances with NATO. Furthermore, Spain supports greater integration and coordination among EU Member States to jointly respond to threats and enhance collective defense capabilities.

ITALY

 Italy has undertaken several initiatives to align with the European Union’s (EU) defence policy, actively participating in joint projects and missions. These initiatives include:

• Investment in Defence and Aerospace: Italy has launched a major      plan      to boost investments in the defence sector.

• Participation in European Missions: Italy takes part in key EU-led military operations, such as Operation Aspides.

• Involvement in European Military Structures: Italy is an active member of Eurocorps, contributing to its operations.
• Participation in EU Battlegroups: Italy provides troops for the

EU’s rapid reaction forces, particularly through the Multinational Land Force.

• Commitment to EUFOR Crisis Response Core: Italy supports the development of a large-scale EU crisis response force.
• Debate on Defence Spending: The Italian government is advocating for increased European defence funding and policy

Investment Proposals in the Defence Sector

Recently, Italy proposed a strategic investment plan to European partners aimed at generating up to €200 billion in the defence and aerospace sectors. The Italian Minister of Economy, Giancarlo Giorgetti, presented this initiative during a meeting of EU finance ministers in Brussels. The plan, named the “European Security and Industrial Innovation Initiative,” envisions €17 billion in guarantees catalyzing €200 billion in investments over five years. The initiative aims to enhance Europe’s defence capabilities and industrial innovation, ensuring strategic autonomy and reducing reliance on non-EU suppliers.

Participation in European Missions

Italy plays an active role in EU maritime security missions. A significant example is Operation Aspides, launched on February 19, 2024, in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea. This mission aims to escort merchant vessels, enhance maritime surveillance, and protect critical trade routes. Italy contributes naval assets, personnel, and logistical support to this operation, ensuring safe passage for European commercial interests. Additionally, Italy participates in other EU-led missions such as Operation Irini, aimed at enforcing the UN arms embargo on Libya, and EUTM Mali, which supports security sector reforms in the Sahel region.

Involvement in European Military Structures

Since 2009, Italy has been a member of Eurocorps, a multinational army corps founded in 1992. Headquartered in Strasbourg, Eurocorps provides rapid deployment forces for EU and NATO missions. It operates under both the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and NATO frameworks, serving as a high-readiness force capable of responding to international crises. Italy contributes personnel and resources, reinforcing its commitment to European collective defence.

Participation in EU Battlegroups

Italy contributes to the EU Battlegroups, which are military units of around 1,500 troops each, designed to be ready for deployment within 10 days of activation. These groups serve as the EU’s rapid reaction force, capable of responding to crises, humanitarian emergencies, and conflict stabilization efforts. One of Italy’s key contributions is through the Multinational Land Force (MLF), a brigade-level unit formed in collaboration with Slovenia and Hungary. The MLF operates under a unified command structure, ensuring interoperability among the three nations’ military forces. This initiative strengthens European defence cooperation and enhances regional security.

Commitment to the EUFOR Crisis Response Core

Italy is also actively involved in the EUFOR Crisis Response Operational Core (EUFOR CROC), a defence project within the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) framework. This initiative aims to create a 60,000-strong military force composed of three divisions, capable of responding to large-scale crises. The EUFOR CROC enhances the EU’s ability to conduct autonomous military operations without relying solely on NATO. Italy collaborates with Germany, France, and Spain to develop this force, contributing expertise, personnel, and strategic planning. These forces are intended for crisis management, peacekeeping, and humanitarian missions in regions where the EU has strategic interests.

Debate on Defence Spending

Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has emphasized the need for increased defence spending in Europe. She supports European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s proposal to exclude defence expenditures from the EU’s budget rules, arguing that such spending is crucial for Europe’s strategic autonomy. However, Meloni has also stressed that additional measures are required to strengthen Europe’s contribution to NATO.

Currently, Italy aims to increase its defence spending to 1.61% of GDP by 2027, still below NATO’s 2% target. This gap highlights the challenges Italy faces in meeting NATO commitments while balancing national budgetary constraints. The Italian government is advocating for a more integrated European defence policy that shares financial burdens among member states and reduces dependency on U.S. military support.

Conclusion

Italy is demonstrating strong commitment aligning with the European defence policy through strategic investments, joint missions, and participation in EU military structures. However, challenges remain, particularly regarding defence spending and the balancing of national priorities with EU and NATO commitments. By continuing to advocate for increased European defence funding and policy alignment, Italy seeks to strengthen its role in shaping the future of European security.

POLAND

Along with the latest news and war activities around the European Union, Poland got a substantial growth from a country that can hardly suggest something about defense policy to the point where nobody can avoid Poland’s voice in that question.

Good economic decisions

Since the fall of communism and Poland receiving its independence, Poland went through a remarkable process of switching from a centrally planned system to a market-based economy. Poland nearly tripled its gross domestic product (GDP) from 2004,when it joined the EU, to the year of COVID-19, 2020. This economic success has strengthened Poland’s regional leadership in European and transatlantic security by providing more stable financing of security measures that needed to be applied. Even during the financial crisis of 2008, the country managed to avoid recession by using several cautious banking practices and diversified industrial base. Now Poland is the sixth contributor to EU’s economy having an impressive GDP of 4.31 percent of the EU total GDP.

Choice of joining both the EU

This growth has been provided by liberal market reforms and EU integration combined with internal factors such as a highly skilled workforce, credible domestic consumption and an expanding industrial base, but the major factor that played a crucial role in this growth is the substantial inflow of EU structural funds. From which, by 2023, Poland had received over €250 billion, with access to an additional €137 billion as of 2024, making it the largest recipient of EU funds.

Balancing the budget

Having spent the budget that has tripled, rising from €7.7 billion to €23.4 billion over the past decade, Poland has more than doubled its armed forces from 99,000 to 216,000 in 2024 has also made substantial investments in military hardware and has solidified its role as NATO’s key eastern frontline state. To date, over 150,000 tonnes of aid have been delivered for Ukraine with allocated €4.33 billion in bilateral aid, with over 90% of military supplies destined for Ukraine passing through Poland. Balancing these commitments with domestic needs, such as healthcare and public services which are additionally under strain from Ukrainian refugees, remains a challenge to Warsaw.

Probable tension

As Poland’s influence grows, it is potentially creating tension with NATO and EU. It may shift the balance in the EU’s decision-making system and also for countries that favour a more diplomatic approach to security challenges. But overall, Poland has eased tensions with Brussels and has transitioned from a peripheral player to a central force in European security by actively working on EU’s security questions.

TOPIC II: How the EU Guarantees Peace and Which is its Defence Policy?

The EU’s Role in Promoting Peace and Stability

The European Union has historically contributed to peace by fostering economic integration, political cooperation, and promoting democratic values among its member states. This approach has reduced the likelihood of conflicts within Europe.

CSDP: A Collective Approach to Security

In terms of defense policy, the EU operates under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), enabling it to conduct civilian and military missions aimed at preserving peace, preventing conflicts, and strengthening international security. These missions are carried out by forces contributed by member states, reflecting a shared commitment to collective security. In addition, the EU has been enhancing its crisis management capabilities, deploying missions that address state-building, conflict resolution, and post-conflict stabilization.

The Strategic Compass: Strengthening EU Defense Capabilities

A significant development in EU defense strategy is the Strategic Compass for Security and Defence, adopted in 2022. This document serves as a roadmap for enhancing the EU’s security and defense capabilities, including the establishment of a Rapid Deployment Capacity by 2025. The Strategic Compass represents a pivotal step toward a more cohesive and proactive EU defense policy, outlining measures for quicker response to emerging threats and greater coordination among member states’ armed forces. It also emphasizes the need for joint military training, investment in innovative defense technologies, and stronger partnerships with international organizations like NATO and the United Nations.

Adapting EU Defense Strategies to Emerging Global Challenges

Recent geopolitical events have prompted EU member states to reassess their defense strategies. The conflict in Ukraine and shifting international alliances have led to increased defense spending and initiatives aimed at greater military autonomy. For instance, European leaders have pledged to enhance defense capabilities and financial contributions to security in response to Russian threats. Furthermore, the EU is exploring deeper cooperation on intelligence sharing and cybersecurity to address hybrid threats and misinformation campaigns.

Promoting Peace:

Economic Integration: The EU’s single market facilitates the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people, enhancing economic interdependence and reducing the likelihood of conflicts among member states. Efforts to deepen financial and trade ties have also strengthened resilience against external economic pressures.

Democratic Values and Rule of Law: The EU upholds democratic principles, human rights, and the rule of law, contributing to internal stability and peaceful relations.

Defense Policy:

Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP): The CSDP enables the EU to undertake civilian and military missions aimed at conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and strengthening international security. These missions are conducted with contributions from member states and increasingly focus on capacity-building in partner countries and addressing emerging security challenges like cyber warfare and terrorism.

European Defence Industrial Strategy (EDIS): Introduced in 2024, the EDIS aims to bolster the EU’s defense capabilities by promoting a robust and competitive defense industry. It encourages joint procurement of defense equipment and investment in critical technologies to ensure the EU’s strategic autonomy. The strategy also prioritizes innovation, the development of advanced defense systems, and support for small and medium-sized enterprises in the defense sector.

TOPIC III: How the EU is Responding to International Conflicts and Its Role in Them?

Introduction

The European Union (EU) is often seen as a symbol of peace, cooperation, and economic integration. Since its creation, the EU has worked tirelessly to ensure that its member states remain united and free from the devastation of war. But the EU’s reach extends far beyond its borders, and over time, it has found itself involved in international conflicts, having problems bringing peace and stability around the world. The way the EU has responded to these conflicts, and the role it has played in addressing them, is a story of adaptation, collaboration, and commitment to a better global order.

From Peace in Europe to Peace in the World

The European Union was born out of the ashes of two World Wars, with the idea that economic cooperation would help prevent future conflicts between European countries. The founding nations of the EU believed that if they could make their economies interdependent, they would have no reason to go into another war. Over time, this vision expanded, and the EU’s reach grew far beyond Europe’s borders. While the EU initially focused on creating peace and prosperity within its borders, the end of the Cold War and the expansion of the union brought new challenges. As the world grew more interconnected, the EU began to realize that peace in Europe was only meaningful if it was extended globally. The European Union began to face a question: how could it help address conflicts in regions far beyond its own territory? The EU makes contacts and agreements with other nations and continents to maintain security, including the ONU/UN (United Nations).

The EU’s Strategy for Peace: A Blend of Diplomacy, Economics, and Security

The European Union is not a traditional military power, but its approach to conflict is shaped by a specific combination of diplomatic, economic, and humanitarian tools. The EU’s responses to international crises are coordinated through its High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, supported by the European External Action Service (EEAS). While the European Council, made up of the leaders of member states, sets the overarching foreign policy direction, it is the European Parliament that often debates and helps shape the EU’s policies on conflict resolution.

The Union Civil Protection Mechanism

When there is a crisis or disaster, the EU can use various crisis response mechanisms to provide assistance and try to resolve situations.The Union Civil Protection Mechanism coordinates the EU’s escalation response to natural and man-made disasters. Its purpose is to: foster cooperation between national civil protection authorities;

• Raise public awareness and preparedness for
• Enable
• Effective and coordinated assistance to affected

There is an Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC), which is the core of the Civil Protection Mechanism (coordinating the EU’s escalation response to natural and man-made disasters). It is always active and coordinates the EU’s response efforts in the event of disasters. The mechanism also includes a European Civil Protection Reserve, a voluntary pool of capabilities to which Member States commit for immediate deployment within or outside the EU. Among others, the following actions include: investing in research and innovation, working on appropriate prevention and preparedness measures, developing civil protection capacities, improving citizens’ preparedness through better information, and encouraging citizens and volunteers to participate in civil protection initiatives.

Crisis Coordination in the Council:

The Integrated Political Crisis Response Facility (IPCR Facility) ensures rapid and coordinated EU decision-making in the event of major and complex crises, such as health crises or acts of terrorism. Through this mechanism, the Council Presidency coordinates the political response to crises by bringing together the EU institutions, affected Member States, and other key stakeholders.

The ICCR Facility is currently active to coordinate EU measures in response to the migration crises and the COVID-19 outbreak. In addition, it has preparedness and plans for specific crises such as food, health, and economic crises.

The European Union’s highly effective approach was exemplified by its ability to control the COVID-19 health crisis.

United Nations: Peacekeeping Missions.

The European Union is a strategic and key partner of the United Nations. This union ensures the maintenance of peace through conflict resolution and the supporting role of peacekeeping operations in this regard.

It reaffirms the basic principles of peacekeeping, including:

• The consent of the
• The non-use of force (except in self-defense and in defense of the mandate).

The importance of peacekeeping is one of the most effective instruments available to the United Nations to promote and maintain international peace and security. Collectively, each country reaffirms its constant and strong support for peacekeeping’s fundamental role in preventing, containing, and resolving conflicts wherever peacekeeping operations are deployed and for its role in promoting compliance with international law and consolidating peace. Today, countries are involved in 14 different peacekeeping missions (out of a total of 21 promoted by the ONU), primarily in Africa but also in other parts of the world.

TOPIC IV: Missions related to CSDP (Common Security Defence Policy).

The CSPD

With the treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the Common Security and Defense Policy was born. It’s about a military organ of the EU that enables it to undertake civilian and military missions all over the world. Its function is to provide the Union with an operational capacity drawing on civilian and military assets, undertake missions outside its borders in order to maintain peace and prevent conflicts, in fact it is also a key component of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) which is specifically in charge of this tasks in foreign countries. In 2003 the first mission began and since then also other 37 operations across Europe, in Africa and Asia begun. Today 21 CSPD missions are ongoing.

The civilian missions

This kind of missions aim to strengthen the rule of law, supporting security sector reforms and improving, in the partner countries, the governance structures. These missions are rooted in the EU’s approach to crisis management and their main target are the root causes of conflicts and economical problems. So they promote, as a solution, the human rights and the effective governance. Two missions can be taken as an example: The EUCAP Somalia, which aims to improve the maritime security, the police sector and the rule of law, and the EUCAP Mali, which basically does the same things but it also provides Mali with material support. This mission also aims to improve the efficiency of switching tasks among the military forces. Following, the goals of the missions.

The military operations

In order to enhance international security, many military operations, designed to manage crisis and peace-keeping, under the control of the CSDP, are ongoing in many regions in order to make a better international security, fighting against piracy and making many efforts to bring stability. To combat piracy, in 2008 an anti piracy program called Naval Force Operation Atalanta (NFOA) was launched and was first sent in Somalia, ensuring the safe passage for the vessels with first aid kits and other supplies for the country. Another notable EU organization which solves governance issues, such as terrorism and organized crime, is called Training Missions in Mali (TM Mali), established in 2003. It also provides the Malian military forces with training and advice. These military operations demonstrate the EU’s ability to respond in a cleaner way and effectively to emerging security threats, contributing to global peace and stability.

The recent developments

In October of 2024, the EU’s member states tried to involve the United Kingdom in these kind of operations, and thanks to the efforts of David Lammy, foreign secretary of united kingdom, to join this projects, highlighting the potential of the cooperation between countries, thanks to which, they could cover more territory, this project represents a great advancement in peace-keeping missions, since the UK has a significant knowledge about military capabilities and experience in international missions. The efforts of the CSDP in its purposes, can be seen by the attempts and the will to adapt and respond to emerging challenges. The benefits that are being achieved so far are the contribution to the long term stability and the development of the involved nations. This approach ensures the sustainability and suitability of the EU’s interventions.

How does the CSPD makes decisions?

A structured framework ensures that the missions of the CSPD operate coordinately and effectively to security challenges. The decisions concerning the CSDP are proposed by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and adopted by the Foreign Affairs Council, generally requiring unanimity among member states. Concerning the operational planning and conduct of missions are under the responsibility of the Military Staff (EUMS) and also the (CPCC), main parts of the (EEAS) European External Action Service. The MS provides strategic advice and early warning, while the CPCC is responsible for the operational planning and conduct of civilian missions.

The CSPD’s mentor

In 2017, PESCO, the Permanent Structured Cooperation, was established. It’s about a framework which allows the EU’s member states to unitedly develop defense capabilities, improve the efficiency during the operations of the armed forces and invest in other shared projects. This Year 25 / 27 of the EU member states participate in PESCO, busy in many operative projects and collaborating with each other. These projects aim to develop new military tech and establish new training programs, in order to achieve a deeper defense integration.

TOPIC V: How the EU uses Economic Resources for Defence?

In an era of shifting global power dynamics, the European Union (EU) is taking bold steps to reinforce its security and defence capabilities. Over the past decade, the EU has significantly increased its defence budget, launched new initiatives, and sought greater strategic autonomy. At the heart of this transformation is the allocation and management of economic resources, which are being channelled into cutting-edge military research,   cybersecurity,   and   infrastructure protection. This article examines how the EU finances its defence sector, exploring key funding mechanisms such as the European Defence Fund (EDF), recent financial proposals, and the challenges associated with the fragmented European defence market.

The European Defence Fund (EDF): A Key Pillar of EU Military Strategy

Launched in 2021, the European Defence Fund (EDF) is one of the EU’s most ambitious defence initiatives. With a budget of €8 billion for the 2021-2027 period, the EDF seeks to enhance cooperation among member states by funding joint research, technological development, and procurement projects in the defence sector. Unlike previous EU defence programs, which focused on individual national investments, the EDF is structured to foster collaborative innovation across multiple European industries.

How the EDF is Structured

The fund is divided into two primary components:

• Research: The EU provides up to 100% funding for innovative defence projects, encouraging technological advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and autonomous weaponry.
• Development & Acquisition: The fund offers up to 80% co-financing for the development of new defensive capabilities, with the goal of reducing dependency on non-European suppliers.

Several major European companies, including Leonardo S.p.A. (Italy), Airbus (France/Germany), and Rheinmetall (Germany), have played a central role in EDF-funded projects. Italy’s Leonardo S.p.A., one of the continent’s leading aerospace and defence firms, has been instrumental in developing cybersecurity solutions, advanced radar systems, and AI-driven military applications under the EDF umbrella.

Expanding EU Defence Investments: The “ReArm Europe” Initiative

In March 2025, amid rising geopolitical instability, the European Commission unveiled a new financial strategy called “ReArm Europe.” This initiative aims to mobilize up to €800 billion to bolster the EU’s defence infrastructure and technological edge. The plan includes several groundbreaking financial measures:

• Fiscal Flexibility: EU member states will be allowed to use cohesion funds to finance defence expenditures. Additionally, the Stability and Growth Pact will be temporarily relaxed to permit military spending beyond the 3% deficit rule.
• A €150 Billion Military Investment Loan Fund: This mechanism will provide low-interest loans to governments for acquiring modern military equipment and encourage joint procurement among member states.
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Protection: Recognizing the growing threats in cyberspace, the EU will allocate billions in funding to strengthen digital defences against cyberattacks from state and non-state actors.
• Support for the European Defence Industry: A large portion of the funding will be directed toward homegrown defence companies, including Italy’s Leonardo S.p.A. and shipbuilder Fincantieri, ensuring that Europe becomes less reliant on non-EU suppliers such as the United States.

EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen described the initiative as “a historic step toward a stronger, more resilient Europe that can defend itself in an increasingly volatile world.”

The Fragmentation of the European Defence Market: A Persistent Challenge

Despite these ambitious reforms, the EU’s defence sector remains deeply fragmented. Member states continue to prioritize national interests over collective security, leading to inefficiencies and higher production costs.

Economic & Strategic Consequences

1. Redundant Development Programs: Several countries develop similar weapon systems independently rather than pooling resources, leading to higher costs and duplication of efforts.
2. Limited Economies of Scale: The lack of joint procurement reduces production efficiency, making European defence equipment more expensive compared to US-made alternatives.
3. Dependence on US Technology: Many European countries still rely heavily on American military exports, including fighter jets, missile defence systems, and cybersecurity technologies.

A study by Bruegel, a leading economic think tank, estimates that a fully integrated EU defence market could save billions of euros annually, improving both cost efficiency and combat readiness.

The War in Ukraine: A Turning Point for European Defence

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 marked a turning point for the EU’s security and defense policy. Member states significantly increased their defense budgets and, for the first time in history, the EU directly funded the supply of weapons to a third country through the European Peace Facility (EPF). This mechanism allocated billions of euros to provide military support to Ukraine, demonstrating an unprecedented commitment to the continent’s security. Furthermore, the war accelerated plans for greater integration of European armed forces. The Strategic Compass, adopted in 2022, outlines a series of measures to strengthen the EU’s operational capacity, including the creation of a 5,000-strong rapid reaction force ready to intervene in crisis situations.

Environmental & Ethical Implications of EU Defence Investments The “Green Defence Strategy”

The EU is integrating sustainability into its military strategy through the Green Defence Strategy, which focuses on:

• Reducing Carbon Emissions in Military Operations: Promoting the use of renewable energy in European armed forces.

• Developing Sustainable Weapons & Equipment: Encouraging research into low-emission military vehicles, biofuels, and eco-friendly explosives.

Ethical Considerations & Arms Export Regulations

The EU faces growing scrutiny over the ethical implications of arms exports. The block has tightened regulations to prevent European-made weapons from being used in human rights violations. The Common Position on Arms Exports now enforces stricter criteria regarding:

·  Sales to non-EU countries with questionable human rights records.

• Weapons used in ongoing conflicts that may violate international law.
• AI & Autonomous Weapons: Ethical concerns surrounding the deployment of AI-driven military systems remain a key policy debate.

Future Challenges & Opportunities

Looking ahead, the EU must navigate several key challenges to ensure its defence ambitions are realized:

1. AI & Automation in Warfare: The integration of artificial intelligence in military strategy raises questions about autonomy, ethics, and international regulations.
2. Strengthening NATO-EU Collaboration: While the EU aims for strategic autonomy, collaboration with NATO remains essential, especially regarding cyber defence and intelligence sharing.
3. Investment in Next-Generation Technologies: The EU must continue funding hypersonic weapons, space defence, and quantum computing to maintain technological superiority.

Conclusion: The Path to a Stronger European Defence

The EU is at a crossroads in its defence policy. With new funding mechanisms like the EDF and ReArm Europe, and a renewed commitment to military cooperation, Europe is positioning itself as a global security leader. However, achieving true strategic autonomy requires overcoming market fragmentation, investing in cutting-edge defence technology, and ensuring ethical standards in military operations. The war in Ukraine has demonstrated the urgency of a coordinated European defence strategy, and if the EU can sustain this momentum, it may emerge as a formidable player on the global stage.

TOPIC VI: How the EU is managing external challenges such as Migration, Cyber-security and Terrorism?

The European Union is a very substantial part of the European continent, where countries are having different levels of economic development and, also political situation. The better political situation and perspectives are engaging people from less developed countries to migrate to the EU countries, but not always this migration is legal. The other factor that occurs with people from other countries with different cultures and kinds of thinking, is terrorism, which has become one of the ways of executing one’s believing and false claims. Also, the problem with our world, that transitions more and more into digital technologies, is the fact that the cyber-security solutions for main European structures are needed. The EU institutions are constantly working on finding solutions to the above-mentioned problems.

EU managing and preventing migration issues

From the start of development of the EU, it had substantially different problems to cope with, but looking over the recent years the migration issue and solutions to the issue is one of the most important aspects that EU working on. Such solutions became the New Pact on Migration and Asylum and Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR).

The New Pact on Migration is a set of new rules managing migration and establishing a common asylum system at EU level, that delivers results while remaining grounded in our European values. The system provided by this pact secures external borders by having new and more efficient procedures, robust screening and crisis protocols and pre-written actions against instrumentalization. In addition, this system assures that procedures for migration questions are fast and efficient, guaranteeing people’s life, having clear asylum rules and EU standards for refugees status qualification. When Asylum and Migration Management Regulation provided a key feature of a solidarity mechanism, it allowed member states to contribute by relocating migrants or providing financial support.

Despite these measures, immigrants are still finding new ways to come in. According to the the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, the number of illegal border crossings decreased by about 146,000 or 38 percent to 239,000 compared to the previous year, which level was the lowest since 2021 when migration was still affected by covid as stated by Frontex.

EU protecting us from illegal immigrants

Agency recorded 21,500 irregular border crossings on the so-called Western Balkan route, a decrease of more than three quarters (78%) compared to 2023. The countries of the region have made great efforts, these include a stricter visa policy, stricter border controls and close cooperation with the European Border Agency.

The West Africa route, on the other hand, shows record numbers of arrivals. The Canary Islands recorded an increase in arrivals of almost a fifth (18 %) to almost 47,000, the highest number since the start of data collection by Frontex in 2009. According to the data, the figures also increased in the east of the EU. Especially at the borders with Ukraine and Belarus, the number of border crossings has tripled to around 17,000 entries.

With increasing levels of population and European legal or illegal refugees, technical progress among all the countries is going so furious that the issue of cyber-security is rising.

What are the four steps used in the counterterrorism strategy?

In 2005, the European Union adopted a Counterterrorism Strategy that promotes democracy, dialogue, and good governance to address the root causes of radicalization based on four pillars (also graded according to risk with levels on a scale of 1 to 5):

1. “Prevent”; carry out a security check in each
2. “Protect”; if the slightest hint of terrorism is detected, the impact of a terrorist attack will be minimized as much as possible.
3. “Pursuit”; search for signs of terrorist movements or
4. “Responder”; It seeks to stop terrorist movements or

In addition, firearms are controlled, and support for terrorism is not disseminated on social media or in the media.

Broader Strategic Implications and Economic Context

While the EU’s implementation of policies on migration, cybersecurity, and counterterrorism provides immediate security needs, they are also aligning with EU’s broader strategic objectives. For example, migration and Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) are having similar policies, ensuring that economic recovery includes sustainable migration management, cybersecurity initiatives contribute to the Digital Europe Program, strengthening Europe’s leadership in digital security. In the same time, counterterrorism strategies are supporting the Strategic Compass, which is the EU’s roadmap for security and defense, ensuring a unified approach to emerging threats.

EU and Cyber-security management

EU is a big institution that is working for behalf of its citizens and prioritizing on their cyber-security. EU cyber-security program is focused on protecting essential services such as hospitals, energy grids, schools and railways, as well as the growing number of connected devices in various sectors. For that purpose, a NIS2 Directive (Network and Information Security Directive 2) was applied. It requires EU Member States to ensure that they have well-functioning Computer Security Incident Response Teams which provide deal with cybersecurity incidents and risks in practice. They cooperate with each other at EU level, and also work together with the private sector. For implementation of the NIS directive there is the EU cybersecurity agency that deals with cybersecurity providing support to Member States, EU institutions and businesses in key areas. Also, the EU cooperates with other countries to help build up their capacity to defend against cybersecurity threats by supporting various cybersecurity programs in the enlargement countries, as well as in other countries worldwide through its International Cooperation and Development department, which is helping to raise the overall cyber-security around the world as well as in the EU.

EU Counterterrorism Measures

Irregular migration can sometimes be linked to security risks, including terrorism. According to EU law, terrorist offenses aim to intimidate populations, excessively constrain governments, or destabilize political and economic structures. To counter such threats, the EU adopted the Regulation on Addressing the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online in April 2021, which has been in force since June 7, 2022.

The EU has done even more by strengthening its anti-money laundering framework (2018) to prevent the financing of terrorism. In 2017, the Council introduced stricter regulations on the purchasing and possession of weapons and enhanced cooperation with non-EU countries to curb illegal arms trafficking. These and other counterterrorism measures have positively impacted security across the EU.

Conclusion

The EU’s commitment to protect its citizens illustrates its continuous efforts to regulate migration management, counterterrorism, and cybersecurity. The EU as a very crucial institution is maintaining its core values as it adapts to the nowadays challenges by implementing newer, more effective policies, strengthening institutions and international cooperation. These measures are not only protecting the EU, but contribute in overall safety and global stability.

 

Students journalists:

Aleksandr Shimanovich
Maja Sajdak
Octavian MIhai Tirchi
Maria Alesia Bocancea
Ana López Fernández
Paola Sánchez Díaz
Valeria Strati
Sara Panetta
Craiu Biatris
Amato Ginevra
Andrea Belli
Luca Mozzorecchi

Students editors
Giacomo Reale
Emma Tappeti

***

EUPress Collaborative Workshop: Politica Estera, di Sicurezza e di Difesa Europea

Questo articolo fa parte dello Special Report EUPress Collaborative Workshop: Special Report.

Questo articolo è stato realizzato da un gruppo di studenti italiani, spagnoli, polacchi e romeni delle scuole partner partecipanti al progetto EUPress finanziato dall’UE. Rappresenta l’esito finale del Collaborative Workshop, un’attività educativa internazionale che ha riunito studenti da tutta Europa per collaborare in team editoriali misti e produrre contenuti giornalistici su grandi temi europei.

Il Collaborative Workshop è stato un elemento chiave del progetto EUPress e ha simulato una vera redazione transfrontaliera. Nel corso di diverse settimane, gli studenti hanno lavorato in gruppi internazionali, ciascuno coordinato da due editor e supportato da docenti ed esperti esterni. Hanno sviluppato articoli seguendo linee guida editoriali condivise, svolto ricerche congiunte e collaborato online per produrre una serie di speciali destinati alla pubblicazione e alla diffusione pubblica.

Il tema assegnato era: “Politica estera, di sicurezza e di difesa europea” — un argomento complesso e attuale, sempre più rilevante nel contesto delle tensioni globali, della guerra in Ucraina, dello sviluppo dell’autonomia strategica dell’UE e delle crescenti minacce cyber.

Questo articolo esplora come l’Unione europea e alcuni suoi Stati membri — in particolare Romania, Italia, Spagna e Polonia — si stiano allineando e contribuendo alla politica estera, di sicurezza e di difesa dell’UE. Vengono trattati temi come la Bussola Strategica, le missioni PSDC, la PESCO, il Fondo europeo per la difesa e iniziative emergenti come ReArm Europe. Si affrontano anche sfide più ampie, tra cui migrazione, terrorismo e cybersicurezza, offrendo una panoramica di come l’UE stia adattando la propria strategia in un contesto geopolitico in rapida evoluzione.

Introduzione

Care lettrici e cari lettori,

Questa breve nota introduttiva vuole raccontarvi la genesi creativa dell’articolo.

Tutto è iniziato con una magnifica esperienza Erasmus nel “cuore” dell’Unione europea: Ventotene! Qui abbiamo avuto l’opportunità di formarci su temi chiave come il rapporto tra libertà di stampa e giornalismo nei paesi europei.

In questo luogo, grazie allo staff di EUpress, abbiamo potuto vivere un’esperienza a 360 gradi fatta di dibattiti giornalistici, ricerca delle fonti e redazione di brevi articoli. Il tutto arricchito da uno scenario naturale straordinario e dalla presenza di studenti provenienti da vari paesi europei, che ci ha permesso di conoscere culture diverse e cercare un linguaggio comune per comunicare.

Terminata questa esperienza, siamo tornati a ciò che abbiamo imparato durante la Summer School per metterlo in pratica attraverso lavori di produzione (questo documento ne è un esempio). I partecipanti sono stati divisi in cinque gruppi, ciascuno composto da dieci giornalisti e due editor (che hanno redatto la nota introduttiva di questo report).

Il tema assegnato a noi era “Politica estera, di sicurezza e di difesa europea”. I nostri giornalisti si sono dunque dedicati a raccogliere informazioni su sotto-temi correlati come sicurezza internazionale, terrorismo, economia, guerra e cybersicurezza. Hanno inoltre menzionato e spiegato le principali organizzazioni coinvolte nella gestione di queste questioni.

Conoscendo ora il lavoro che sta dietro a questo documento, siamo fiduciosi che lo apprezzerete. Ringraziamo tutte e tutti coloro che hanno contribuito alla sua realizzazione finale e vi auguriamo una

Buona lettura!

Giacomo Reale ed Emma Tappeti (student editors)

TOPIC I: In che modo alcuni paesi europei si allineano alla politica di difesa europea?

ROMANIA

Con l’aumento delle tensioni geopolitiche nell’Europa orientale, la Romania è emersa come un attore cruciale nel rafforzare le iniziative di difesa dell’UE. Il paese svolge un ruolo chiave nel consolidare la sicurezza regionale, allineandosi sia alle strategie di difesa guidate dall’Unione europea sia a quelle della NATO. Le sue crescenti capacità difensive, gli sforzi nel campo della cybersicurezza e l’impegno nella gestione delle crisi rafforzano la sua posizione di pilastro della sicurezza europea.

Contributo alla Bussola Strategica
La Bussola Strategica è la tabella di marcia complessiva dell’UE per sicurezza e difesa, volta a potenziare gestione delle crisi, resilienza e partenariati. La Romania contribuisce attivamente modernizzando le capacità militari, migliorando i meccanismi di risposta rapida e rafforzando la cooperazione difensiva a livello UE. Partecipa a esercitazioni congiunte, accordi di condivisione d’intelligence e strategie di dispiegamento rapido per aumentare l’efficacia operativa nel quadro di difesa dell’UE.

Partecipazione alla Cooperazione Strutturata Permanente (PESCO)
La Romania svolge un ruolo strategico nella PESCO, iniziativa che mira ad approfondire la collaborazione in materia di difesa tra i paesi dell’UE. Tra gli impegni:

• European Patrol Corvette (EPC): sviluppo di navi multi-ruolo avanzate per migliorare la sicurezza marittima europea e contrastare minacce ibride in aree critiche;
• Military Mobility: potenziamento di infrastrutture e reti logistiche per consentire il rapido dispiegamento di truppe e mezzi in Europa;
• Cyber Rapid Response Teams (CRRTs): rafforzamento della resilienza cibernetica rumena contribuendo a capacità di risposta rapida a livello UE.

Adesione alla European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI)
Nell’ottobre 2022 la Romania ha aderito all’ESSI, sforzo collaborativo per sviluppare un sistema integrato di difesa aerea. L’iniziativa potenzia la capacità europea di contrastare minacce aeree, inclusi missili balistici, incursioni di UAV e tattiche asimmetriche. La partecipazione assicura accesso a tecnologie d’avanguardia per la difesa missilistica, sistemi radar integrati e capacità congiunte di polizia aerea.

Difesa cibernetica e gestione delle minacce ibride
La Romania è in prima linea in Europa per cybersicurezza e contrasto alle minacce ibride, contribuendo in modo significativo a:

• Joint Cyber Unit (JCU): iniziativa UE che rafforza coordinamento, condivisione d’intelligence e risposta agli attacchi;
• Contrasto alla disinformazione russa: collaborazione con il Centro di eccellenza europeo per il contrasto alle minacce ibride;
• Difesa cyber basata su AI: sviluppo di soluzioni di intelligenza artificiale per individuare e neutralizzare minacce cibernetiche.

Modernizzazione della logistica militare e dei confini smart
Investimenti in:

• Sorveglianza e ricognizione avanzate: droni lungo il confine orientale per rilevare intrusioni;
• Controllo di frontiera basato su AI: algoritmi di machine learning per tracciamento dei flussi migratori e valutazione delle minacce;
• Infrastrutture militari aggiornate: corridoi di trasporto, reti ferroviarie e basi per movimenti rapidi di truppe in ambito UE e NATO.

Allineamento alla Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’UE
Le politiche di difesa rispettano standard etici, legali e umanitari: formazione sul diritto dei conflitti armati, meccanismi di supervisione e accountability nelle missioni.

Ruolo nella protezione dei rifugiati
In risposta alle crisi regionali, in particolare quella ucraina:

• Cooperazione con agenzie UE(Frontex) e UNHCR;
• Centri di accoglienzacon alloggio, sanità e servizi di integrazione;
• Supporto legaleper richiedenti asilo.

Green Defence e sostenibilità

• Veicoli militari a basse emissioni;
• Basi alimentate da rinnovabili;
• Esercitazioni con logistica energeticamente efficiente.

Partnership NATO e ampliamento della base di Mihail Kogălniceanu

• Maggiore presenza di truppe NATO;
• Dispiegamento di F-35, Eurofighter e AWACS;
• Sistemi di difesa missilisticainclusa la struttura Aegis Ashore a Deveselu.

Iniziativa dei Tre Mari e sicurezza regionale

• Mobilità militare: reti stradali e ferroviarie;
• Sicurezza energetica: rotte alternative alle forniture russe;
• Cooperazione cybertra i membri.

Partecipazione al nucleo di risposta alle crisi EUFOR

• Schieramenti militarinei Balcani e in Africa;
• Operazioni umanitariee di soccorso.

Bilancio della difesa
La spesa militare ha raggiunto 6,2 miliardi di dollari nel 2023, con focus su:

• Ammodernamento(carri Abrams, HIMARS, droni Bayraktar);
• Capacità di difesa cyber(centri nazionali e soluzioni AI).

Conclusione (Romania)
Integrando strategie UE e NATO, la Romania consolida il proprio ruolo di pilastro della sicurezza nell’Europa orientale, con modernizzazione militare, cybersicurezza, aiuto umanitario e alleanze strategiche.

SPAGNA

La Spagna si allinea alla politica di difesa europea promuovendo la cooperazione nell’UE e sostenendo iniziative come PESCO e Fondo europeo per la difesa (FED/EDF). Partecipa attivamente a missioni nell’ambito della PSDC, mirando a rafforzare l’autonomia strategica europea senza compromettere le alleanze con la NATO. Sostiene inoltre una maggiore integrazione e coordinamento tra Stati membri per rispondere congiuntamente alle minacce e potenziare le capacità di difesa collettiva.

ITALIA

L’Italia ha intrapreso diverse iniziative in linea con la politica di difesa dell’UE, partecipando attivamente a progetti e missioni congiunte.

Investimenti in difesa e aerospazio
Proposta di un ampio piano per incrementare gli investimenti nel settore.

Partecipazione a missioni europee
Ruolo attivo in Operazione Aspides (dal 19 febbraio 2024, sicurezza marittima nel Mar Rosso), oltre a Operazione IRINI (embargo ONU sulla Libia) ed EUTM Mali.

Strutture militari europee
Dal 2009 membro di Eurocorps, corpo multinazionale ad alta prontezza al servizio di UE e NATO.

EU Battlegroups
Contributo alle forze di reazione rapida UE (≈1.500 effettivi), anche tramite la Multinational Land Force con Slovenia e Ungheria.

EUFOR CROC (PESCO)
Impegno nello sviluppo del Crisis Response Operational Core (fino a 60.000 effettivi su tre divisioni), con Germania, Francia e Spagna, per operazioni autonome UE.

Dibattito sulla spesa per la difesa
Sostegno all’idea di escludere alcune spese di difesa dalle regole di bilancio UE; obiettivo italiano 1,61% del PIL entro il 2027 (ancora sotto il target NATO del 2%).

Conclusione (Italia)
Forte allineamento tramite investimenti, missioni e strutture UE; restano sfide su livelli di spesa e bilanciamento tra priorità nazionali, UE e NATO.

POLONIA

Alla luce delle recenti dinamiche e del contesto bellico vicino ai confini dell’UE, la Polonia ha conosciuto una crescita notevole, passando da attore periferico a voce imprescindibile nelle questioni di difesa europee.

Buone scelte economiche
Dalla transizione al mercato e dall’adesione all’UE (2004), il PIL è quasi triplicato fino al 2020. Ciò ha sostenuto una leadership regionale in sicurezza europea e transatlantica, garantendo finanziamenti stabili alle misure di sicurezza. Anche durante la crisi del 2008 la Polonia ha evitato la recessione. Oggi è il sesto contributore all’economia UE.

Ingresso e fondi UE
La crescita è stata trainata da riforme di mercato e integrazione europea; per la Polonia oltre 250 miliardi di euro ricevuti entro il 2023, con ulteriori 137 miliardi disponibili dal 2024.

Bilancio e forze armate
Spesa triplicata nell’ultimo decennio (da 7,7 a 23,4 mld €); forze armate più che raddoppiate (da 99.000 a 216.000 nel 2024); notevoli investimenti in equipaggiamenti; ruolo di snodo per gli aiuti all’Ucraina.

Possibili tensioni
La crescente influenza può generare attriti intra-UE/NATO, ma nel complesso Varsavia ha ridotto le tensioni con Bruxelles e si è affermata come attore centrale della sicurezza europea.

TOPIC II: Come l’UE garantisce la pace e qual è la sua politica di difesa?

Il ruolo dell’UE per pace e stabilità
Integrazione economica, cooperazione politica e promozione dei valori democratici hanno ridotto la probabilità di conflitti interni all’Europa.

PSDC: approccio collettivo alla sicurezza
La Politica di sicurezza e difesa comune consente missioni civili e militari per prevenzione dei conflitti, mantenimento della pace e sicurezza internazionale, con forze messe a disposizione dagli Stati membri. Crescente attenzione a gestione delle crisi, state-building e stabilizzazione post-conflitto.

Bussola Strategica (2022)
Roadmap per rafforzare capacità UE, inclusa una Capacità di dispiegamento rapido entro il 2025; più addestramento congiunto, investimenti in tecnologie innovative e cooperazione con NATO e ONU.

Adattamento alle sfide globali
A seguito della guerra in Ucraina, aumento delle spese per la difesa e iniziative per maggiore autonomia militare; cooperazione più profonda su intelligence e cybersicurezza contro minacce ibride e disinformazione.

Promozione della pace

• Integrazione economica(mercato unico);
• Valori democratici e stato di diritto.

Politica di difesa

• PSDCper missioni civili/militari, capacity building e nuove minacce (cyber, terrorismo);
• European Defence Industrial Strategy (EDIS, 2024)per rafforzare l’industria europea, appalti congiunti e tecnologie critiche, con attenzione a innovazione e PMI.

TOPIC III: Come l’UE risponde ai conflitti internazionali e quale ruolo svolge?

L’UE, nata per assicurare pace e prosperità nel continente, ha progressivamente esteso il proprio raggio d’azione oltre i confini, combinando strumenti diplomatici, economici e umanitari. La politica estera è guidata dall’Alto Rappresentante e dal SEAE, con indirizzi del Consiglio europeo e dibattito del Parlamento.

Meccanismo di protezione civile dell’Unione
Coopera in prevenzione, preparazione e risposta a disastri naturali e causati dall’uomo tramite l’ERCC e una riserva europea di capacità.

Coordinamento delle crisi nel Consiglio (IPCR)
Assicura decisioni rapide e coordinate in grandi crisi (sanitarie, terrorismo, migrazioni, ecc.).

Partenariato con l’ONU
L’UE è partner strategico nelle peacekeeping operations, nel rispetto di consenso delle parti e uso minimo della forza (salvo autodifesa/mandato), con missioni soprattutto in Africa e in altre aree del mondo.

TOPIC IV: Missioni legate alla PSDC (Politica di sicurezza e difesa comune)

La PSDC
Istituita con il Trattato di Lisbona (2009), fornisce capacità operative civili e militari per missioni fuori dai confini UE. Dal 2003 sono partite le prime missioni; oggi 21 missioni sono in corso.

Missioni civili
Rafforzamento dello stato di diritto, riforma del settore sicurezza, miglioramento della governance. Esempi: EUCAP Somalia (sicurezza marittima, polizia, rule of law) e EUCAP Sahel Mali (supporto materiale e operativo).

Operazioni militari
Gestione crisi, peacekeeping, contrasto alla pirateria (Operazione Atalanta dal 2008), addestramento e consulenza (ad es. EUTM Mali). Dimostrano la capacità UE di risposta efficace alle minacce emergenti.

Sviluppi recenti
Nel 2024 sono stati esplorati nuovi ambiti di cooperazione, inclusa la possibilità di un maggiore coinvolgimento del Regno Unito nelle attività PSDC, a testimonianza della volontà di adattarsi alle sfide e ampliare il raggio d’azione.

Processo decisionale
Proposte dell’Alto Rappresentante; decisioni del Consiglio Affari Esteri (in genere all’unanimità). Pianificazione e condotta: EUMS (Stato Maggiore UE) per la dimensione militare, CPCC per le missioni civili, entrambi nel SEAE.

Il “mentore” della PSDC: la PESCO (2017)
Quadro per sviluppare congiuntamente capacità, migliorare l’efficienza operativa e investire in progetti condivisi. Oggi 25/27 Stati membri partecipano a numerosi progetti (nuove tecnologie militari, programmi di addestramento) verso una più profonda integrazione della difesa.

TOPIC V: Come l’UE utilizza le risorse economiche per la difesa?

Fondo europeo per la difesa (EDF/FED)
Avviato nel 2021 con 8 miliardi di euro (2021–2027) per ricerca, sviluppo e procurement congiunti.

• Ricerca: finanziamento fino al 100% per progetti innovativi (AI, quantistica, sistemi autonomi).
• Sviluppo/Acquisizione: cofinanziamento fino all’80% per nuove capacità, riducendo la dipendenza da fornitori extra-UE.
  Grandi aziende europee (es. Leonardo, Airbus, Rheinmetall) partecipano a numerosi progetti.

Iniziativa “ReArm Europe” (marzo 2025)
Piano della Commissione per mobilitare fino a 800 miliardi di euro a sostegno di infrastrutture e tecnologie di difesa:

• Flessibilità fiscalee uso di fondi di coesione per spese di difesa;
• Fondo prestitida 150 miliardi per investimenti militari e appalti congiunti;
• Investimenti in cybersecuritye protezione delle infrastrutture;
• Sostegno all’industria europea(es. Leonardo, Fincantieri) per ridurre la dipendenza da fornitori non UE.

Frammentazione del mercato della difesa
Persistono duplicazioni, scarse economie di scala e dipendenza da tecnologie statunitensi. Un’integrazione più profonda genererebbe risparmi importanti e maggiore prontezza operativa.

Guerra in Ucraina: punto di svolta
Aumenti di bilancio e, per la prima volta, finanziamento UE alla fornitura di armi a un paese terzo tramite la European Peace Facility (EPF). La Bussola Strategica (2022) ha accelerato l’integrazione, includendo una forza di reazione rapida di 5.000 unità.

Implicazioni ambientali ed etiche (Green Defence Strategy)

• Riduzione delle emissioni nelle operazioni;
• Sviluppo di equipaggiamenti a basse emissioni;
• Esportazioni di armisoggette a criteri più severi (posizioni comuni UE), attenzione a diritti umani e conflitti in corso; dibattito su AI e sistemi autonomi.

Sfide e opportunità
AI e automazione, cooperazione UE–NATO, investimenti in tecnologie di nuova generazione (ipersoniche, spazio, quantistica).

Conclusione (risorse economiche)
Con strumenti come EDF e ReArm Europe, l’UE punta a un ruolo di primo piano nella sicurezza globale; resta decisivo superare la frammentazione, investire in tecnologie di frontiera e garantire standard etici elevati.

TOPIC VI: Come l’UE gestisce sfide esterne come migrazione, cybersicurezza e terrorismo?

L’UE comprende paesi con livelli di sviluppo diversi; migliori prospettive economiche e politiche attraggono flussi migratori (non sempre regolari). Differenze culturali e fenomeni di radicalizzazione possono intrecciarsi con minacce terroristiche. La crescente digitalizzazione rende la cybersicurezza un’esigenza centrale. Le istituzioni europee lavorano costantemente a soluzioni.

Gestione e prevenzione della migrazione
Il Nuovo Patto su migrazione e asilo e il Regolamento sulla gestione dell’asilo e della migrazione (AMMR) puntano a procedure più rapide, standard comuni e meccanismi di solidarietà (ricollocamenti, supporto finanziario). Secondo Frontex, nel complesso gli attraversamenti irregolari sono diminuiti, con forti cali sulla rotta balcanica occidentale, ma aumenti su altre (es. rotta dell’Africa occidentale verso le Canarie) e pressioni ai confini con Ucraina e Bielorussia.

Cybersicurezza UE
La direttiva NIS2 impone requisiti più stringenti a operatori e Stati membri; l’Agenzia UE per la cybersicurezza (ENISA) supporta Stati, istituzioni e imprese; cooperazione internazionale per rafforzare le capacità dei paesi partner.

Strategia antiterrorismo (2005)
Quattro pilastri: Prevenire, Proteggere, Perseguire, Rispondere. Misure correlate: regolamento sulla rimozione dei contenuti terroristici online (in vigore dal 7 giugno 2022), rafforzamento dell’antiriciclaggio (2018), controlli su armi da fuoco e cooperazione con paesi terzi contro il traffico illecito.

Conclusione (migrazione–cyber–terrorismo)
L’UE mira a proteggere i cittadini con politiche aggiornate, istituzioni rafforzate e cooperazione internazionale, salvaguardando valori fondamentali e contribuendo alla stabilità globale.